Course Introduction

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SEROLOGY

Forensic Serology plays a significant role in the criminal judiciary world. The module gives a detail description about the nature, characteristics and constituents of blood – Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells. Blood is one of the important and frequent evidence encountered at crime scene. Here in this module function, significance and collection, preservation and packaging of blood has been discussed in detail.

MODULE 2 – BLOOD STAIN PATTERNS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

Blood pattern is one of the important and frequent evidence encountered at the crime scene. The physical property of blood give rise to the blood spatter pattern which occurs with the involvement of numerous mechanism. Here in this module scholars will come across the types of bloodstains and classification of bloodstain pattern.

MODULE 3 – BLOOD STAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS

In this online learning course scholars will learn how to evaluate and interpret the blood stain pattern encountered at crime scene. Blood-stain pattern analysis helps the investigator to reconstruct the actions that produced the blood-sheds. Forensic expert examine the shape, size, location and distribution of the blood patterns to procedure expert opinions about what did happened. Scholars will also learn how to photograph the bloodstain pattern encountered at the crime scene and its forensic significance. Blood pattern analysis is equally reliable and can be applied by the use of various concept of physics and mathematical calculation.

MODULE 4 – IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION OF BLOOD AND BLOODSTAINS

Various techniques has been used for examination and identification of blood and bloodstain. Such as Physical Examination, Presumptive Tests, Confirmatory or Microcrystal Test, Chromatographic Methods, Spectrophotometric Methods, Electrophoresis.

MODULE 5 – DETERMINATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN

This module focusses on importance of examination of bodily fluids from a forensic perspective. The importance of tests for species of origin, single diffusion in one dimension, single diffusion in two dimensions, immuno-electrophoresis, rocket immuno-electrophoresis (Laurel technique), two-dimensional electrophoresis, crossed-over electrophoresis, antihuman globulin serum inhibition test, passive hem agglutination methods, precipitin-inhibition test, mixed ant globulin method, sensitized latex particle method, testing procedures- choice of antisera, preparation of stain extract, ring test, immuno-diffusion test and crossed over electrophoresis, other factors in the precipitin tests- precipitating antibody, balanced antibody-antigen concentration, the diffusion coefficient, optimal environment and the specificity of the antiserum.

MODULE 6 – TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP

Blood group detection techniques would be familiarized you to the lattes crust method, absorption inhibition method, mixed agglutination, absorption elution method- test-tube method, thread method (Howard and martin technique) and ammonia extraction Method, determination of A and AB sub-groups, grouping of MN system and grouping of the RH System.

MODULE 7 – OTHER BODY FLUIDS AND THEIR EXAMINATION

Here in this module scholars would learn about the commonly found bodily fluids at a crime scene. each body fluids are further described in detail such as the nature, collection techniques and examination of saliva, urine, faeces, sweat, nasal secretions, tears, human milk and its collection techniques.

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SEROLOGY

Forensic Serology plays a significant role in the criminal judiciary world. The module gives a detail description about the nature, characteristics and constituents of blood – Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells. Blood is one of the important and frequent evidence encountered at crime scene. Here in this module function, significance and collection, preservation and packaging of blood has been discussed in detail.

MODULE 2 – BLOOD STAIN PATTERNS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

Blood pattern is one of the important and frequent evidence encountered at the crime scene. The physical property of blood give rise to the blood spatter pattern which occurs with the involvement of numerous mechanism. Here in this module scholars will come across the types of bloodstains and classification of bloodstain pattern.

MODULE 3 – BLOOD STAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS

In this online learning course scholars will learn how to evaluate and interpret the blood stain pattern encountered at crime scene. Blood-stain pattern analysis helps the investigator to reconstruct the actions that produced the blood-sheds. Forensic expert examine the shape, size, location and distribution of the blood patterns to procedure expert opinions about what did happened. Scholars will also learn how to photograph the bloodstain pattern encountered at the crime scene and its forensic significance. Blood pattern analysis is equally reliable and can be applied by the use of various concept of physics and mathematical calculation.

MODULE 4 – IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION OF BLOOD AND BLOODSTAINS

Various techniques has been used for examination and identification of blood and bloodstain. Such as Physical Examination, Presumptive Tests, Confirmatory or Microcrystal Test, Chromatographic Methods, Spectrophotometric Methods, Electrophoresis.

MODULE 5 – DETERMINATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN

This module focusses on importance of examination of bodily fluids from a forensic perspective. The importance of tests for species of origin, single diffusion in one dimension, single diffusion in two dimensions, immuno-electrophoresis, rocket immuno-electrophoresis (Laurel technique), two-dimensional electrophoresis, crossed-over electrophoresis, antihuman globulin serum inhibition test, passive hem agglutination methods, precipitin-inhibition test, mixed ant globulin method, sensitized latex particle method, testing procedures- choice of antisera, preparation of stain extract, ring test, immuno-diffusion test and crossed over electrophoresis, other factors in the precipitin tests- precipitating antibody, balanced antibody-antigen concentration, the diffusion coefficient, optimal environment and the specificity of the antiserum.

MODULE 6 – SEROGENETIC MARKER

Under this module, students would be taught about the major blood groups, the ABO system, RH system and the MN system followed by the new approaches used in blood stain grouping. Different type of polymorphic enzyme typing such as Phosphoglucomutase (PGM), Glyoxalase (GLO-I), Esterase D (ESD), Adenylate Kinase (AK), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Erythrocytes Acid Phosphatase (ESD), Phosphogluconate Dehydogenase (PGD), has been discussed in details.

MODULE 7 – TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP

Blood group detection techniques would be familiarized you to the lattes crust method, absorption inhibition method, mixed agglutination, absorption elution method- test-tube method, thread method (Howard and martin technique) and ammonia extraction Method, determination of A and AB sub-groups, grouping of MN system and grouping of the RH System.

MODULE 8 – SEMEN

Branch of Forensic Biology is the application of biological fluid examination techniques to legitimate examinations. The investigation of body fluids, mainly the likes of blood, saliva, semen, all of which are usually found at scenes of crime. Various aspects of examination of seminal fluid would be familiarize you to nature of semen, location and collection, scene of occurrence, techniques, chemical tests and biological tests.

MODULE 9 – OTHER BODY FLUIDS AND THEIR EXAMINATION

Here in this module scholars would learn about the commonly found bodily fluids at a crime scene. each body fluids are further described in detail such as the nature, collection techniques and examination of saliva, urine, faeces, sweat, nasal secretions, tears, human milk and its collection techniques.

The area of forensic biology & serology comprise of laboratory techniques that are useful for an Expert to understand and apply the same for positive results. The course throws spotlight on the basic yet essential aspects of the techniques that should be followed from an Expert’s view.  

The Expert is supposed to form an opinion regarding the evidence in offense occurred. This can be any sexual offence or criminal offence that may include any biological or serological evidence. The expert has to sometimes state the collection and preservation for the same.

The learner with skills and intuitive knowledge can work with various State as well as Centrally located Forensic Science Laboratories, which work extensively for bringing justice to the innocent.  Any learner with required eligibility can also work in private laboratories and in educational institutions as a Faculty. 

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